Figure Captions :

Color TIMS overlay superimposed on TM band 4 scene (approx size = 456k) . The TIMS inset is displayed with band 5 in red, band 3 in green, and band 1 in blue. The color variations throughout the TIMS strip highlight different rock units, red -> quartz-rich; green -> carbonate-rich; blue/purple -> amphibole-rich metasediments and granites.

TM band 4: 0.76 - 0.90 um
TIMS band 1: 8.2 - 8.6 um
TIMS band 3: 9.0 - 9.4 um
TIMS band 5: 10.2 - 11.2 um

`u O`o Volcano, HI :

Photograph of Pu`u O`o, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (approx size = 16k) . Kilauea has erupted almost continuously for more than a decade (1983 to the present). This eruption is a phase (number 32) of activity of the Pu`u O`o cone in 1984. Notice the helicopter in front of the eruption plume for scale! Photo by Scott Rowland, University of Hawaii.

Mount

St. Helens Volcano, WA :

The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, brought the hazards of volcanic eruptions to the attention of the general public in the United States. More than a decade after the eruption, space shuttle astronauts were able to obtain this view of the devastation that still surrounds the volcano (approx size = 51.9k). Space Shuttle image # STS47-73-056, supplied by Cindy Evans, Lockheed Corporation.

Tavurvur

Volcano, Papua New Guinea :

The image is of Tavurvur Volcano, one of the main eruptive centers during the eruption of Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea. The eruption began on Sunday, September 18, 1994. Initially, 5 vents were active. The two primary vents, Vulcan and Tavurvur remained active for several days causing the destruction of the town of Rabaul and the evacuation of over 30,000 people! Amazingly, as of this writing only two deaths have been reported. For more detailed information see the volcano home page of Michigan Technological University (click on the photo). (approx size = 69.3k) Digitized from "A Current Affair" shown on Channel 9 television network in Australia on 20th September 1994.

Santa

Maria Volcano, Guatemala :

Santa Maria volcano is on of Guatemala's most active and deadly volcanoes. There is an active lava dome (the Santiaguito dome) that frequently generates plumes such as the one seen here. This eruption at Santa Maria in 1983 was photographed (approx size = 80.7k) by Bill Rose, Michigan Technological University.

Crater Flow, San Francisco Volcanic Field, AZ :

SP crater is a Holocene cinder cone located in the Northern San Francisco Volcanic Field. The large basaltic andesite flow emenated from the cone's base, draining the lava lake at the summit. The flow is dominently aa and flows north with two prominent break outs which spilled into the graben to the west. The lighter unit to the NW is the Permian Kaibab Limestone which underlies the basalt. Also visible are several older volcanic cones and maars. The image is Landsat TM band 4, acquired in 1992.

Grand

Canyon, AZ :

This TIMS image bands 541 in RGB, acquired on April 4, 1994, is of a western section of the Canyon (river miles 176 - 184). The Colorado River, running vertically through the scene, snakes through the Cambrian sedimentary units of the Supai Formation (orange) and the Muav Limestone (green). This stretch of the river was dammed by a series of basaltic lava flows (blue-purple) within the last million years. It is estimated that the water behind the lava dam reached a depth of 1400 feet, creating a lake more than 150 miles long (nearly back to Lee's Ferry !!) One of the main vents is Vulcan's Throne cinder cone (lower center of the image). The river remained dammed until it was able to erode through the basalt, the remains of which, have created Lava Falls - one of the most notorious white water rapids in North America.
(its run : right tube on the bubble line, square and hit the first of two V-waves, try to miss the hole on the left, and go left of the large rock at the bottom of rapid!! :-) )

TIMS band 1: 8.2 - 8.6 um
TIMS band 4: 9.4 - 10.2 um
TIMS band 5: 10.2 - 11.2 um

Glen

Canyon Dam Split Sensor Composit :

The TIMS/NS001 data were collected on July, 15, 1995. This split composit image of the Glen Canyon Dam area shows TIMS on the left and NS001 on the right. The TIMS composite is the standard bands 531 -> RGB. Boat wakes caused by the upwelling cooler water are clearly visible behind the dam on Lake Powell. The reds and purples are different layers of the Navajo Sandstone and overlying Carmel Formation. These units show as tan to light brown in the visible composit (bands 321 -> RGB) of NS001. Prominent sunglint is also visible on portions of the Colorado River. The primary focus of this data set will be examining beach erosion and water tempertatures down stream from the dam.

TIMS band 1: 8.2 - 8.6 um	NS001 band 1: 0.458 - 0.519 um
TIMS band 3: 9.0 - 9.4 um	NS001 band 2: 0.529 - 0.603 um
TIMS band 5: 10.2 - 11.2 um	NS001 band 3: 0.633 - 0.697 um

Pre

-dawn TIMS image of the Lava Falls region :

Brighter regions are areas of higher emitted radiance (ie, higher temperatures). Each rock unit is distinguishable due to differences in thermal inertia (the rock's ability to withstand temperature fluctuations).

NS001

Four Image Composite :

The composite shows four different 3 color overlays of the same region of the Grand Canyon (mile 177.5 to 182.5). This is the one of the most dramatic locations of the basaltic lava cascades within the Canyon. North is to the lower right, and Vulcan's Throne (a large cinder cone) is also located to the lower right on the inner gorge rim. Clockwise from the upper left, the image composites are:

Bands 3,2,1 in R,G,B (visible [VIS] "true" color).

Bands 4,3,2 in R,G,B (near infrared [NIR] / [VIS]).

Bands 8,6,1 in R,G,B (thermal infrared [TIR] / [SWIR] /[VIS]).

Bands 6,4,1 in R,G,B (short-wave infrared [SWIR] / [NIR] /[VIS]).

Of interest is the noteable changes in Vulcan's Throne and the other lavas with increasing wavelengths.

NS001 band 1: 0.458 - 0.519 um
NS001 band 2: 0.529 - 0.603 um
NS001 band 3: 0.633 - 0.697 um
NS001 band 4: 0.767 - 0.910 um
NS001 band 6: 1.57 - 1.71 um
NS001 band 8: 10.9 - 12.3 um

Kelso

Dunes, CA :

TIMS "unmixing" image of the Kelso Dune Field, Mojave Desert, CA. In the thermal infrared region, a fundamental property of energy emitted from a multicomponent surface is that it is a linear sum of those components and is proportional to the percentage of those components present. In other words, in one knows the specta of pure minerals in an image, one can derive the percentages of the minerals through the use of a least squares solution. In this image of Kelso such a solution was applied. In essance, it is a mineral map of the dune's surface. Quartz is in red, Feldspar in green and Magnetite in blue. One can see that by the dunes being yellow, there must be nearly equal amounts of quartz and feldspar. This was verified by thin section analysis and indicates the dunes are more immature than previously suspected. Also unique, is the high concentration of feldspar (or lack of quartz) along the lee sides of the three dominent ridges. This preferential sorting is still being investigated. It also appears that much of the dune material is coming from local sources rather than being transported from a distant source, also as previously thought.(approx size = 240k)

Big

Glass Mountain Lava Dome, Medicine Lake, CA :

NS001 false color composit with band 7 in red; band 4 in green; and band 3 in blue. The lava dome/flow is approximately 1.5 km and was emplaced about 1200 years ago. The inital phase of the eruption was hotter and more fluid and formed the darker portions toward the bottom of the image. As the eruption procedeed, more viscous lava covered earlier flows and didn't flow as far from the vent. One of the goals at Big Glass Mountain is to determine the effects of glass, vesicularity and compositional variations on remotely gathered data. In this Visible/Near Infrared Image, vegetation shows in green and the dome purple (nearly equal amount of reflectance in bands 3 and 7). The earlier portions of the flow is dark in all wavelengths and hence shows black in the composite. (approx size = 227k)

NS001 band 7: 2.10 - 2.38 um
NS001 band 4: 0.767 - 0.910 um
NS001 band 3: 0.633 - 0.697 um

South

Sister Volcano, OR :

One of the key aspects of monitoring volcanic centers in remote regions is temperature variations. As a volcano begins to show signs of new activity, temperatures in springs, vents and the ground may increase. Depending on the quality of the data and the assumptions made, temperature changes of as little as 1 degree C can be detected. This precursor, while not always an indicator of an eruption, will draw the attention of the volcanologist and allow him to concentrate more detailed monitoring equipment at the volcano. In this image, acquired in July of 1992, South Sister's summit is flanked by glaciers and snow fields (black). Dike-fed domes, smaller cones and pumice plains can be seen towards the top of the image and are all warmer than the ice and snow. (approx size = 330k)

Meteor

Crater, AZ :

Meteor Crater was formed over 30,000 years ago by the impact of a 30 meter iron meteorite. The resulting impact caused most of the meteorite to vaporize and formed the 1.5 km crater in north central Arizona. The depth of the crater penetrated through the three uppermost flat lying sedimentary rock units. These are the upper, youngest Moenkopi Sandstone (Triassic); the Kaibab Limestone (Permian) and the lower, Coconino Sandstone (Permian). Because of its nearly pure quartz content, the Coconino shows as bright red in the wall of the crater and in the ejecta around the rim. Much of the Moenkopi (pinkish-red) has been stripped away and only crops out on small ridges in the vacinity of the crater. The largest exposure is that of the Kaibab Limestone (green in the image). Most of the original ejecta from the crater has either been mantled, or removed by wind erosion. This can be seen in the image as a preferential orientation to the NE (bottom-right in the image) of the red-orange colored ejecta. TIMS false color composit - band 5 in red; band 3 in green; band 1 in blue. (approx size = 328k)

TIMS band 1: 8.2 - 8.6 um
TIMS band 3: 9.0 - 9.4 um
TIMS band 5: 10.2 - 11.2 um

Landsat

TM mosaic of Arizona :

The Landsat Thematic Mapper state mosaic was compiled by Dale Noss here at ASU. Displayed in UTM format, the mosaic consists of five swaths acquired over several weeks in the spring of 1992. The image is a false color composit of bands 4,3,2 in R,G,B. The full resolution data are available through the Arizona State University Landsat Image Server on mosaic upon signing a release agreement.

AVHRR Global Composite :

The AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) instrument is aboard polar orbiting, NOAA/TIROS meteorological satellites (NOAA-7, -9, and -11). The AVHRR instrument onboard the NOAA-series satellites (TIROS-N/NOAA 6-12) provides daily coverage of the Earth in 4 or 5 spectral bands at a nominal resolution of 1 km. Because the 1 km resolution data are too voluminous to be captured daily, the data are subsampled and averaged onboard and then transmitted to central receiving stations as Global Area Coverage (GAC) data with a nominal resolution of 4 km providing full global coverage. The image is a global composite, free of clouds, in the month of July. Used as a "green index", the image show areas of strongest vegetation cover in dark green and deserts in red and brown. (approx size = 34.8k)

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Revised: Tuesday, December 27, 1994